In terms of structure, it can be roughly divided into the following categories:
1. From the heat collection part: 1) Glass vacuum tube solar water heater
It can be subdivided into full glass vacuum tube type, heat pipe vacuum tube type, U-tube vacuum tube type/vacuum tube heat collection, heat storage integrated sun-drying type. The most commonly used is the full glass vacuum tube type, which has the advantages of safety, energy saving, environmental protection and economy. Especially the solar water heater with auxiliary electric heating function, which mainly uses solar energy and supplemented by electricity to make the solar water heater operate normally all year round and all weather, and the efficiency is still relatively high when the ambient temperature is low. Its disadvantages are that it is relatively large in size, the glass tube is fragile, scale is easy to accumulate in the tube, and it cannot operate under pressure. 2) Flat plate solar water heater: Flat plate solar water heater can be divided into tube plate type, wing tube type, snake tube type, flat box type, round tube type and heat pipe type. Its advantages: good integrity, long life, few failures, low safety hazards, can operate under pressure, safe and reliable, large heat absorption area, easy to combine with buildings, strong resistance to waterless air drying, and its thermal performance is also very stable. Its disadvantage is that the cover plate is not vacuum and has poor thermal insulation performance, so the heat collection performance is poor when the ambient temperature is low, and it consumes relatively much power when auxiliary heating is used. The thermal efficiency is low when the ambient temperature is low or the outlet water temperature is required to be high. If it is frozen, the entire collector needs to be replaced. It is suitable for southern regions where there is no ice in winter. 3) Ceramic hollow flat plate solar water heater: Ceramic solar panels are hollow thin-walled flat box solar collectors with ordinary ceramics as the matrix and three-dimensional mesh vanadium titanium black porcelain as the surface layer. The ceramic solar panel is made of porcelain material as a whole, which is impermeable, water-proof, high in strength, good in rigidity, non-corrosive, non-aging, non-fading, non-toxic, harmless, non-radioactive, and the sunlight absorption rate will not decay, with a long-term high light-to-heat conversion efficiency. According to the test of the National Solar Water Heater Quality Supervision and Inspection Center, the sunlight absorption ratio of the ceramic solar panel is 0.95, and the daily heat gain of the concrete structure ceramic solar roof is 8.6MJ, which is much higher than the national standard. Ceramic solar panels have low manufacturing and use costs, their sunlight absorption ratio does not decay, and their lifespan is the same as that of the building. They can be used to share the structural layer, insulation layer, and waterproof layer with the original roof, have a simple structure, and have better thermal insulation than the original roof, and are integrated with the building in concrete structures such as ceramic solar roofs, sunny walls, and balcony railings. They provide hot water, heating, and air conditioning for buildings; they provide thermal energy for industry, agriculture, and aquaculture; they can be used for large-scale solar hot water power generation in deserts, wind duct power generation, seawater desalination, brackish water desalination, and turning deserts into farmland.
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